Reports

This document presents, for each county and city in Virginia, the top 10 localities where residents commuted to or workers commuted from. The data come from the Census Bureau’s latest 2015 Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics program (LEHD), specifically the LEHD Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) dataset.

Across the U.S., college towns—localities home to large populations of post-secondary students—display high rates of poverty that may not reliably capture the level of persistent need among non-student residents. This report explains why formal techniques may be insufficient for understanding poverty in Virginia college towns and offers an alternative method for measuring the level of need among the non-student population in these localities.

The last two decades have brought dramatic changes to many American cities. Most cities in the United States in 1990 had a “donut” shape, with wealthier residents in a booming suburban ring surrounding a decaying core. Today cities are increasingly resembling what has been called a new donut – with three, rather than two rings. The center has grown much more desirable to educated, higher-income residents, especially young adults under the age of 35. Poverty, meanwhile, is migrating outwards, creating an “inner ring” of urban and early suburban neighborhoods around the core, where per capita incomes have fallen and education rates are stagnant. Beyond the inner ring, an outer ring of newer and larger suburbs continues to add population.